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Wearing earphones while cycling — is it allowed? What does the Highway Code say?

The earphones safety discussion is back in the spotlight, but what does the law say?

Cycling while wearing earphones, headphones, earbuds (whatever you want to call them). An age-old safety debate — is it safe to listen to music, or the road.cc podcast, while cycling? Should you go one in one out? What are the different rules around the world?

The discussion was reignited this week after broadcaster Jeremy Vine posted a video on social media of a crash caused by a submerged pothole as he cycled through London. The pedalling presenter lost an earphone in the fall, returning to pick it up off the ground shortly after, the footage sparking numerous replies questioning the safety of cycling with earphones in.

Even in the comments on our live blog opinions varied, some suggesting they would rather keep their ears clear for listening out for potential danger, others happy to listen through one ear, and some certain listening to music is not going to be to blame if they are seriously injured or worse in the case of a collision caused by another road user's dangerous actions.

We have covered the issue before, a 2018 Dutch study, published in the Journal of Accident Analysis and Prevention, stating that using headphones "negatively affects perception of sounds crucial for safe cycling".

"However, taking into account the influence of confounding variables, no relationship was found between the frequency of listening to music or talking on the phone and the frequency of incidents among teenage cyclists," the research concluded.

And wider public opinion appears to be in favour of prohibiting cyclists from wearing earphones while cycling, a 2014 BBC survey finding that nine in ten support a ban, the E-Survey of Road Users' Attitudes (ESRA) putting that figure at two thirds in a more recent survey.

Is wearing earphones while cycling allowed?

Cyclist with earbuds - copyright Simon MacMichael

As you've probably guessed by now — yes, it is. In the United Kingdom there is no legislation prohibiting cyclists from wearing headphones while cycling. 

Likewise, while the Highway Code states you should "avoid any actions that could reduce your control of your cycle" and "be aware of traffic coming up behind you, including other cyclists", there is no mention of earphones.

One thing worth noting, if you've got any cycling holiday or bikepacking trips planned, is that this is not the case everywhere. Riding with earphones in Spain and the Canary Islands is not permitted and could result in a costly €200 fine, likewise in France cycling with earphones in is not allowed.

In most of the United States, earphones in while cycling is allowed, however in some states such as California it is only legal to have one ear in, a rule seen in Europe in Italy and Portugal too.

Cycling with earphones in — road.cc readers' opinions...

Apple AirPods Pro with MagSafe charging case (2021)

Whether you choose to wear headphones while cycling in the UK will be a matter of personal preference, unless you're part of a club ride or organised group with its own rules. 

Here are some of your thoughts:

"Headphone in left ear. Strap that joins it to the right earphone goes under my heart rate monitor so if I do need to pull the left one out it doesn't get lost. I can hear perfectly well when a car is behind me and when it's coming past. If for whatever reason I'm in the right lane for a period of time I'll take it out so I can hear cars on my left. I wouldn't have both in as that would cut me off too much from the outside world."

"I think headphones are an individual choice. Many years ago, I used to use them. Stopped later as I found I was enjoying the music too much and hence distracted."

"Blocking your ears with headphones doesn't seem sensible when cycling and therefore being a slower vehicle than surrounding traffic. I know a couple of people that use the bone conducting type of headphone that seems more sensible. If I am driving with the radio on I can still hear ambient sound and also have mirrors, giving additional awareness of anything from behind. That said I don't see how headphones played any role in Jeremy Vine not seeing a pothole hidden by a puddle."

"I pretty much always cycle with a single bluetooth earphone in my my left ear. I can hear podcasts or music and still have an excellent idea of what's going on around me in terms of traffic. Awareness of what is going on around you is so much better on a bike than in a car, but it does help if you are actually alert and in the moment."

Dan is the road.cc news editor and has spent the past four years writing stories and features, as well as (hopefully) keeping you entertained on the live blog. Having previously written about nearly every other sport under the sun for the Express, and the weird and wonderful world of non-league football for the Non-League Paper, Dan joined road.cc in 2020. Come the weekend you'll find him labouring up a hill, probably with a mouth full of jelly babies, or making a bonk-induced trip to a south of England petrol station... in search of more jelly babies.

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39 comments

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FionaJJ | 4 months ago
1 like

I don't think it should be illegal, but I personally only wear bone conducting headphones when cycling, and I pause whatever I'm listening to while I'm on the more challenging bits of my commute. Apart from anything else, I can't hear a podcast over the traffic noise!

I only have the radio on at fairly low volume when driving too, and keep my phone out of reach so I'm never tempted to check it. 

The point about deaf people being allowed to cycle/drive isn't irrelevant, but people who are deaf are used to relying on their vision, and the abundance of mirrors on my car (which I use regularly) makes hearing less important. Some people with hearing may be able to compensate fine when wearing headphones with the volume turned up, but for me it's not just about not hearing something approaching from behind, it's about not being distracted. 

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Jippily | 4 months ago
0 likes

I wear one earbud, just in my left ear. I like to be able to hear cars coming up behind me, and the bells of other cyclists if they're wanting to overtake. I'd say it's helped my cycling, since before I would get so bored I'd end up going faster and taking more risks trying to get home sooner.

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joe9090 | 4 months ago
0 likes

Cycling with headphones in NL here when on a dedicated rural cycle path. When its shared i turn music off or take a bud out on the left side so i can hear traffic. Its easy really. 

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cyclisto | 4 months ago
0 likes

No way to wear headphones when cycling. I would feel very unsafe in junctions as it is a extra level of safety and it would mean that I am bored when I cycle, that doesn't happen so far.

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deviate | 4 months ago
1 like

Pretty much always use a pair of wireless headphones when I'm riding solo. Any decisions I make about positioning/changing direction should be informed by what I can see, not what I think might be coming or around me

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HoldingOn | 4 months ago
3 likes

When I was younger, a squirrel taught me that as a pedestrian venturing out into traffic, I had to: Stop. Look. Listen. Something I still do and teach my kids to do.

Having said that, I run and cycle with Shokz bone conducting ear phones in. I only listen to music and I use the music to keep rhythm. When I'm running, if I need to venture into the road, I am constantly checking over my shoulder. Even without the Shokz in, I wouldn't rely on just my hearing to alert me to maniacs drivers.

I recently bought a bar mirror for my bike. It is fantastic. Especially at this time of the year - I can usually spot headlights in the mirror out of the corner of my eye.

Hearing is useful. It might give you a heads up before sight does, but I will always confirm it with my eyes anyway.

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cmedred | 4 months ago
5 likes

People are driving around in 3,000-pound vehicles staring at screens instead of paying attention to the road while listening to stereos turned up so loud they couldn't hear a nuke go off if it exploded in the adjacent bike lane, and we're worried about cyclists wearing earphones? This has led to exactly how many pedestrians and/or motorists being hit and killed by said cyclists? I don't use them personally. I think they make cycling less safe rather than more safe though in some, maybe most cases, there is so much ambient noise it really doesn't matter because you can't hear anything coming from behind anyway. So to everyone their own risk assessment.  It's a personal decision as with the walkers and runners who wear earphones on quiet and deserted paths where there are known risks of getting mugged. Should earphones be banned there, too?

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cmedred | 4 months ago
0 likes

If they're banned in France, why are Tour riders allowed to use them? And not only do the listen, they sometimes take their hands off the bars to cue a microphone so they can talk back. Isn't it about time the UCI did something about that? Steering with one hand is more dangerous than steering with your forearms atop an aero bar, especially if you're preoccupied with listening to someone on the radio and fiddling with a button for your mic.

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Rendel Harris replied to cmedred | 4 months ago
0 likes

Ever since the introduction of race radios I've wondered why somebody hasn't invented one that is part of the head unit with a reception button on the handlebars and wirelessly linked to an earbud, surely more comfortable for the riders and easier to operate, with no risk of losing a vital bike length on a climb when an opponent sees you reaching for the radio and makes their attack whilst you're distracted with one hand off the bars.

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Cycloid | 4 months ago
4 likes

"M'Lud, if only the deceased was not wearing headphones, he would have heard my client approaching and been able to take avoiding action"

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Jorin | 4 months ago
2 likes

I think cycling may have cost me my hearing about 9000hz. I've lived in rural Saskatchewan for most of my cycling life, and strong winds are a way of life, with my ears ringing badly often after spring rides. If I had it to do again, I'd wear in-ear buds to cut the wind noise on highway rides, because I could never hear a car anyway. In the city is very different, but on the hightways I lived on I could do 50km rides and see 4 cars total my whole time on the road.

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stonojnr replied to Jorin | 4 months ago
1 like

Its something I've always wondered if it had an impact, or it was just me imagining it,though I've always assumed pros would be the first to notice.

But just riding into a head wind yesterday for a sustained period, couldn't hear a damn thing above the wind, so debating about whether you could hear with or without earphones completely irrelevant imo, and my ears were definitely ringing for a while afterwards.

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Hirsute replied to stonojnr | 4 months ago
1 like

And worse with a helmet as that seems to increase the noise.

My first mile is normally downhill at around 30, so I rely on a small mirror and radar for anyone behind.

No substitute for a life saving shoulder check.

 

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Jorin replied to Hirsute | 4 months ago
1 like

We had a hill near us in BC (was there 6 years), and it had a 60km/h speed limit. We were NEVER that slow on it, as it was 14% at the top, and there was no hearing anything. Love my mirror, and my Garmin radar was a gamechanger... but 100% going to quote you when I'm working with newbies: "life-saving shoulder check." 

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Jorin replied to stonojnr | 4 months ago
0 likes

I'm a part-time musician (long story), and now live with constant tinnitus, which I know wasn't helped by standing near the drums. I used ear protection often when playing, and my ear ringing was much more common with cycling. 25km into a 40km/h headwind makes for a lot of noise...

Your experience of ear ringing is similar to mine... I wish I'd starting doing my rural rides with ear buds 20 years ago. <sigh>

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Fursty Ferret replied to Jorin | 4 months ago
0 likes

Yeah, not a headphone user on the bike but now use musician's ear plugs as I can't bear the tinnitus after a long ride in windy conditions. They knock the volume of everything down a bit but still let sound through.

To be honest though at the moment I'm just riding in the evening, so with the lights of the occasional car behind and my Varia radar, there's no issue with unexpected traffic.

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Capt Sisko | 4 months ago
4 likes

What does the Law / Highway Code say about playing loud music in cars fitted with acoustic absorbing glass and with the windows up?

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Sriracha | 4 months ago
4 likes

I think it's like helmets - leave it to the discretion of the cyclist, and leave the law out if it. And as with helmets, you probably will find that most comply with the outcome desired by would-be legislators anyway, without the need for legislation. But of course, that won't scratch the itch of those who just want to put cyclists in their place.

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Laz | 4 months ago
4 likes

I'll ride with earbuds- the volume always kept low- I want to hear if I have a puncture, brake rub, misaligned derailleur etc.I ride with a 3rd eye mirror on my glasses and unless I can see I always assume a vehicle is behind me. If a driver wants to hit me, there's not much I can do about that anyways. 

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nordog | 4 months ago
2 likes

I wear the bone phones they work fine for me a 79 year old chap they don't itch and I can even hear the car/van drivers blasted nose they call pop music, those drivers must be deaf! My bone phones can even tell me the radar has picked up traffic behind me even as I listen to Tony Blackburn.

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David9694 | 4 months ago
2 likes

Deafness is not notifiable by drivers to DVLA, then there's the drivers in my road whose ICE I can hear in my house when they come and go. 

My view, notwithstanding the above is that you need all your spidey senses about you on full function when cycling.  On night rides, you get good aural warning of the occasional absolute idiot driver coming your way.  Useful too on a blind junction on my old commute.   

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Oldfatgit | 4 months ago
0 likes

Countries where cycling with earphones is illegal ... what is their stance on hearing aids - especially ones like mine that I can Bluetooth audio to and use as handsfree kit for the phone?

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Nick T | 4 months ago
5 likes

I wear earplugs when I'm on a motorbike, I can't see how headphones on a bicycle are any worse

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Dnnnnnn replied to Nick T | 4 months ago
1 like

It's about distraction (e.g. concentrating on a podcast, or even being on a call (?))as well as sound insulation though.

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TheBillder replied to Nick T | 4 months ago
0 likes
Nick T wrote:

I wear earplugs when I'm on a motorbike, I can't see how headphones on a bicycle are any worse

Earplugs are a different case - good ones will still allow you to hear what you need, without noise drowning it out. I wore earplugs years ago as a motorcyclist, but earbuds wouldn't feel right when cycling. I might be a bit of a niche case though, as only one of my ears is much use.

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Psi163 | 4 months ago
1 like

Personally, I would never hear ear based headphones where cycling.  Hearing is a big part of awareness when in cities especially.  I have toured in several European countries where it is just not allowed and I accept that.  However, I have found that bone conducting phones work well, especially when on a tour where the organiser provides audible cues for navigation.  The fact that you are still able to hear what is going on around you but also hear the navigation details is a big plus.  That is the only situation where I would consider wearing any kind of 'phone'.

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Xenophon2 | 4 months ago
5 likes

I've been tempted to wear my iPods and even gave it a try once  but I removed them after a km or so, simply wasn't comfortable knowing that I couldn't hear traffic anymore. 

I believe it's just too dangerous but each his own.  Ok, so you should visually check your rear but I also rely on my hearing and I do believe that the music reduces one's situational awareness.  Seems silly to throw that extra safety margin away. 

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hawkinspeter | 4 months ago
7 likes

There's a couple of aspects to using headphones when cycling.

Firstly - is it significantly more dangerous? The data doesn't back up that it is a big problem, but does suggest a minor effect. That seems plausible as you're invariably going to have some minor level of distraction when listening to music, but the level might be similar to having a slightly scratchy glove etc. Also, hearing is only really useful for giving advance notice of vehicles behind you and there's not much you can do to affect what they're going to do aside from either taking primary or heading towards the kerb. Lack of hearing can easily be mitigated by looking behind yourself more often (handlebar mirrors for the win!).

Secondly - why is it only cyclists that need 100% hearing? This just seems like typical ant-cyclist sentiment - find anything that someone can criticise about cyclists and make it into some massive issue to push the agenda that they're law-breaking miscreants that have no place on the road (or pavement and they certainly shouldn't have their own infrastructure). To be fair, pedestrians are also criticised for using headphones and not paying attention, but that's usually due to an utter lack of awareness by some peds (e.g. joggers blocking a shared path and never looking behind themselves) and doesn't really compare to cyclists using headphones as cyclists are typically travelling as part of traffic whilst peds are going to be attempting to cross traffic.

Personally, I prefer to listen to my surroundings whilst cycling, but I don't think headphone use is particularly dangerous when compared to all the other hazards out there. As I said in the Live blog, I'd consider poorly inflated tyres to be a bigger safety issue than wearing headphones.

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swldxer | 4 months ago
11 likes

Deaf people are allowed to ride a bike - the end.

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Brauchsel replied to swldxer | 4 months ago
4 likes

Deaf people have years of coping strategies to help them navigate the world with reduced hearing, and would be well-advised not to voluntarily further limit their sensory awareness. 

I don't think it should be illegal to ride with music playing through headphones, mostly because we don't enforce that on motorists. I don't think it's sensible to block your hearing though: I'd love a world where I'm not listening for the engine sounds behind me, or where that siren's coming from, but I'm perhaps not as confident in my abilities as some of you so I want to be as alert as I can be. 

I think I would make phone-use while cycling illegal, albeit with lesser penalties than motorists receive (which should be a lot heavier and a lot more frequent). The results seem to be in on that: it's very distracting, more so than music or an in-person conversation. The consequences are likely to be less serious with a bike involved than with a car, hence smaller penalties, but if people can't drive safely on the phone they can't cycle safely on the phone. I can't think of a reason where a call-while-cycling would be essential and a call-while-driving wouldn't be. 

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